Airworthy PrepScore report lookup
Private Pilot Airplane test codes, explained
Your FAA knowledge test report lists a code like PA.I.A.K1 for each area where you missed a question. Type or paste one below to see what it means, in the FAA's own words.
Source: FAA-S-ACS-6C, Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS (November 2023, effective May 31, 2024). Used on: Private Pilot Airplane (PAR), Private Pilot Airplane Canadian Conversion (PCP), Private Pilot Airplane EU Part-FCL Conversion (PEP), Private Pilot Airplane Foreign Pilot via BASA (61.71) (PFB).
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I. Preflight Preparation
- PA.I.A.K1Certification requirements, recent flight experience, and recordkeeping.
- PA.I.A.K2Privileges and limitations.
- PA.I.A.K3Medical certificates: class, expiration, privileges, temporary disqualifications.
- PA.I.A.K4Documents required to exercise private pilot privileges.
- PA.I.A.K5Part 68 BasicMed privileges and limitations.
- PA.I.A.R1Proficiency versus currency.
- PA.I.A.R2Flying unfamiliar aircraft or operating with unfamiliar flight display systems and avionics.
- PA.I.B.K1General airworthiness requirements and compliance for airplanes, including:
- PA.I.B.K1aLocation and expiration dates of required aircraft certificates
- PA.I.B.K1bRequired inspections and airplane logbook documentation
- PA.I.B.K1cAirworthiness Directives and Special Airworthiness Information Bulletins
- PA.I.B.K1dPurpose and procedure for obtaining a special flight permit
- PA.I.B.K1eOwner/Operator and pilot-in-command responsibilities
- PA.I.B.K2Pilot-performed preventive maintenance.
- PA.I.B.K3Equipment requirements for day and night VFR flight, including:
- PA.I.B.K3aFlying with inoperative equipment
- PA.I.B.K3bUsing an approved Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
- PA.I.B.K3cKinds of Operation Equipment List (KOEL)
- PA.I.B.K3dRequired discrepancy records or placards
- PA.I.B.K4Standard and special airworthiness certificates and their associated operational limitations.
- PA.I.B.R1Inoperative equipment discovered prior to flight.
- PA.I.C.K1Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes.
- PA.I.C.K2Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight such as:
- PA.I.C.K2aAirport Observations (METAR and SPECI) and Pilot Observations (PIREP)
- PA.I.C.K2bSurface Analysis Chart, Ceiling and Visibility Chart (CVA)
- PA.I.C.K2cTerminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)
- PA.I.C.K2dGraphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA)
- PA.I.C.K2eWind and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB)
- PA.I.C.K2fConvective Outlook (AC)
- PA.I.C.K2gInflight Aviation Weather Advisories including Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET), Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET), and Convective SIGMET
- PA.I.C.K3Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination under visual flight rules (VFR) in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), including expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:
- PA.I.C.K3aAtmospheric composition and stability
- PA.I.C.K3bWind (e.g., windshear, mountain wave, factors affecting wind, etc.)
- PA.I.C.K3cTemperature and heat exchange
- PA.I.C.K3dMoisture/precipitation
- PA.I.C.K3eWeather system formation, including air masses and fronts
- PA.I.C.K3fClouds
- PA.I.C.K3gTurbulence
- PA.I.C.K3hThunderstorms and microbursts
- PA.I.C.K3iIcing and freezing level information
- PA.I.C.K3jFog/mist
- PA.I.C.K3kFrost
- PA.I.C.K3lObstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.)
- PA.I.C.K4Flight deck instrument displays of digital weather and aeronautical information.
- PA.I.C.R1Making the go/no-go and continue/divert decisions, including:
- PA.I.C.R1aCircumstances that would make diversion prudent
- PA.I.C.R1bPersonal weather minimums
- PA.I.C.R1cHazardous weather conditions, including known or forecast icing or turbulence aloft
- PA.I.C.R2Use and limitations of:
- PA.I.C.R2aInstalled onboard weather equipment
- PA.I.C.R2bAviation weather reports and forecasts
- PA.I.C.R2cInflight weather resources
- PA.I.D.K1Route planning, including consideration of different classes and special use airspace (SUA) and selection of appropriate and available navigation/communication systems and facilities.
- PA.I.D.K1aUse of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used
- PA.I.D.K2Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, glide distance of airplane, VFR cruising altitudes, and effect of wind.
- PA.I.D.K3Calculating:
- PA.I.D.K3aTime, climb and descent rates, course, distance, heading, true airspeed, and groundspeed
- PA.I.D.K3bEstimated time of arrival, including conversion to universal coordinated time (UTC)
- PA.I.D.K3cFuel requirements, including reserve
- PA.I.D.K4Elements of a VFR flight plan.
- PA.I.D.K5Procedures for filing, activating, and closing a VFR flight plan.
- PA.I.D.K6Inflight intercept procedures.
- PA.I.D.R1Pilot.
- PA.I.D.R2Aircraft.
- PA.I.D.R3Environment (e.g., weather, airports, airspace, terrain, obstacles).
- PA.I.D.R4External pressures.
- PA.I.D.R5Limitations of air traffic control (ATC) services.
- PA.I.D.R6Fuel planning.
- PA.I.D.R7Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.
- PA.I.E.K1Airspace classes and associated requirements and limitations.
- PA.I.E.K2Chart symbols.
- PA.I.E.K3Special use airspace (SUA), special flight rules areas (SFRA), temporary flight restrictions (TFR), and other airspace areas.
- PA.I.E.K4Special visual flight rules (VFR) requirements.
- PA.I.E.R1Various classes and types of airspace.
- PA.I.F.K1Elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance.
- PA.I.F.K2Factors affecting performance, including:
- PA.I.F.K2aAtmospheric conditions
- PA.I.F.K2bPilot technique
- PA.I.F.K2cAirplane configuration
- PA.I.F.K2dAirport environment
- PA.I.F.K2eLoading [e.g., center of gravity (CG)]
- PA.I.F.K2fWeight and balance
- PA.I.F.K3Aerodynamics.
- PA.I.F.R1Use of performance charts, tables, and data.
- PA.I.F.R2Airplane limitations.
- PA.I.F.R3Possible differences between calculated performance and actual performance.
- PA.I.G.K1Airplane systems, including:
- PA.I.G.K1aPrimary flight controls
- PA.I.G.K1bSecondary flight controls
- PA.I.G.K1cPowerplant and propeller
- PA.I.G.K1dLanding gear
- PA.I.G.K1eFuel, oil, and hydraulic
- PA.I.G.K1fElectrical
- PA.I.G.K1gAvionics
- PA.I.G.K1hPitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments
- PA.I.G.K1iEnvironmental
- PA.I.G.K1jDeicing and anti-icing
- PA.I.G.K1kWater rudders (ASES, AMES)
- PA.I.G.K1lOxygen system
- PA.I.G.K2Indications of and procedures for managing system abnormalities or failures.
- PA.I.G.R1Detection of system malfunctions or failures.
- PA.I.G.R2Management of a system failure.
- PA.I.G.R3Monitoring and management of automated systems.
- PA.I.H.K1Symptoms, recognition, causes, effects, and corrective actions associated with aeromedical and physiological issues, including:
- PA.I.H.K1aHypoxia
- PA.I.H.K1bHyperventilation
- PA.I.H.K1cMiddle ear and sinus problems
- PA.I.H.K1dSpatial disorientation
- PA.I.H.K1eMotion sickness
- PA.I.H.K1fCarbon monoxide poisoning
- PA.I.H.K1gStress
- PA.I.H.K1hFatigue
- PA.I.H.K1iDehydration and nutrition
- PA.I.H.K1jHypothermia
- PA.I.H.K1kOptical illusions
- PA.I.H.K1lDissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba dives
- PA.I.H.K2Regulations regarding use of alcohol and drugs.
- PA.I.H.K3Effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications.
- PA.I.H.K4Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) to include using Crew Resource Management (CRM) or Single- Pilot Resource Management (SRM), as appropriate.
- PA.I.H.R1Aeromedical and physiological issues.
- PA.I.H.R2Hazardous attitudes.
- PA.I.H.R3Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.I.H.R4Confirmation and expectation bias.
- PA.I.I.K1The characteristics of a water surface as affected by features, such as:
- PA.I.I.K1aSize and location
- PA.I.I.K1bProtected and unprotected areas
- PA.I.I.K1cSurface wind
- PA.I.I.K1dDirection and strength of water current
- PA.I.I.K1eFloating and partially submerged debris
- PA.I.I.K1fSandbars, islands, and shoals
- PA.I.I.K1gVessel traffic and wakes
- PA.I.I.K1hOther characteristics specific to the area
- PA.I.I.K1iDirection and height of waves
- PA.I.I.K2Float and hull construction, and its effect on seaplane performance.
- PA.I.I.K3Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the pilot action needed to prevent or correct these occurrences.
- PA.I.I.K4How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in directories.
- PA.I.I.K5Operating restrictions at various bases.
- PA.I.I.K6Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation.
- PA.I.I.K7Marine navigation aids, such as buoys, beacons, lights, sound signals, and range markers.
- PA.I.I.K8Naval vessel protection zones.
- PA.I.I.K9No wake zones.
- PA.I.I.R1Local conditions.
- PA.I.I.R2Impact of marine traffic.
- PA.I.I.R3Right-of-way and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operations.
- PA.I.I.R4Limited services and assistance available at seaplane bases.
II. Preflight Procedures
- PA.II.A.K1Pilot self-assessment.
- PA.II.A.K2Determining that the airplane to be used is appropriate and airworthy.
- PA.II.A.K3Airplane preflight inspection, including:
- PA.II.A.K3aWhich items should be inspected
- PA.II.A.K3bThe reasons for checking each item
- PA.II.A.K3cHow to detect possible defects
- PA.II.A.K3dThe associated regulations
- PA.II.A.K4Environmental factors, including weather, terrain, route selection, and obstructions.
- PA.II.A.R1Pilot.
- PA.II.A.R2Aircraft.
- PA.II.A.R3Environment (e.g., weather, airports, airspace, terrain, obstacles).
- PA.II.A.R4External pressures.
- PA.II.A.R5Aviation security concerns.
- PA.II.B.K1Passenger briefing requirements, including operation and required use of safety restraint systems.
- PA.II.B.K2Use of appropriate checklists.
- PA.II.B.K3Requirements for current and appropriate navigation data.
- PA.II.B.K4Securing items and cargo.
- PA.II.B.R1Use of systems or equipment, including automation and portable electronic devices.
- PA.II.B.R2Inoperative equipment.
- PA.II.B.R3Passenger distractions.
- PA.II.C.K1Starting under various conditions.
- PA.II.C.K2Starting the engine(s) by use of external power.
- PA.II.C.K3Limitations associated with starting.
- PA.II.C.K4Conditions leading to and procedures for an aborted start.
- PA.II.C.R1Propeller safety.
- PA.II.D.K1Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs).
- PA.II.D.K2Taxi instructions/clearances.
- PA.II.D.K3Airport markings, signs, and lights.
- PA.II.D.K4Visual indicators for wind.
- PA.II.D.K5Aircraft lighting, as appropriate.
- PA.II.D.K6Procedures for:
- PA.II.D.K6aAppropriate flight deck activities prior to taxi, including route planning and identifying the location of Hot Spots
- PA.II.D.K6bRadio communications at towered and nontowered airports
- PA.II.D.K6cEntering or crossing runways
- PA.II.D.K6dNight taxi operations
- PA.II.D.K6eLow visibility taxi operations
- PA.II.D.R1Activities and distractions.
- PA.II.D.R2Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.
- PA.II.D.R3A taxi route or departure runway change.
- PA.II.D.R4Runway incursion.
- PA.II.E.K1Airport information resources, including Chart Supplements, airport diagram, and appropriate references.
- PA.II.E.K2Taxi instructions/clearances.
- PA.II.E.K3Airport/seaplane base markings, signs, and lights.
- PA.II.E.K4Visual indicators for wind.
- PA.II.E.K5Airplane lighting.
- PA.II.E.K6Procedures for:
- PA.II.E.K6aAppropriate flight deck activities during taxiing or sailing
- PA.II.E.K6bRadio communications at towered and nontowered seaplane bases
- PA.II.E.R1Activities and distractions.
- PA.II.E.R2Porpoising and skipping.
- PA.II.E.R3Low visibility taxi and sailing operations.
- PA.II.E.R4Other aircraft, vessels, and hazards.
- PA.II.E.R5Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.
- PA.II.F.K1Purpose of before takeoff checklist items, including:
- PA.II.F.K1aReasons for checking each item
- PA.II.F.K1bDetecting malfunctions
- PA.II.F.K1cEnsuring the aircraft is in safe operating condition as recommended by the manufacturer
- PA.II.F.R1Division of attention while conducting before takeoff checks.
- PA.II.F.R2Unexpected runway changes by air traffic control (ATC).
- PA.II.F.R3Wake turbulence.
- PA.II.F.R4Potential powerplant failure during takeoff or other malfunction considering operational factors such as airplane characteristics, runway/takeoff path length, surface conditions, environmental conditions, and obstructions.
III. Airport and Seaplane Base Operations
- PA.III.A.K1How to obtain appropriate radio frequencies.
- PA.III.A.K2Proper radio communication procedures and air traffic control (ATC) phraseology.
- PA.III.A.K3ATC light signal recognition.
- PA.III.A.K4Appropriate use of transponder(s).
- PA.III.A.K5Lost communication procedures.
- PA.III.A.K6Equipment issues that could cause loss of communication.
- PA.III.A.K7Radar assistance.
- PA.III.A.K8National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident/incident reporting.
- PA.III.A.K9Runway Status Lighting Systems.
- PA.III.A.R1Communication.
- PA.III.A.R2Deciding if and when to declare an emergency.
- PA.III.A.R3[Archived]
- PA.III.A.R4Use of non-standard phraseology.
- PA.III.B.K1Towered and nontowered airport operations.
- PA.III.B.K2Traffic pattern selection for the current conditions.
- PA.III.B.K3Right-of-way rules.
- PA.III.B.K4Use of automated weather and airport information.
- PA.III.B.R1Collision hazards.
- PA.III.B.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.III.B.R3Windshear and wake turbulence.
IV. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds
- PA.IV.A.K1Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
- PA.IV.A.K2Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
- PA.IV.A.K3Appropriate airplane configuration.
- PA.IV.A.R1Selection of runway or takeoff path based on aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
- PA.IV.A.R2Effects of:
- PA.IV.A.R2aCrosswind
- PA.IV.A.R2bWindshear
- PA.IV.A.R2cTailwind
- PA.IV.A.R2dWake turbulence
- PA.IV.A.R2eTakeoff surface/condition
- PA.IV.A.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:
- PA.IV.A.R3aRejected takeoff
- PA.IV.A.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
- PA.IV.A.R4Collision hazards.
- PA.IV.A.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IV.A.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IV.A.R7Runway incursion.
- PA.IV.B.K1A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
- PA.IV.B.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
- PA.IV.B.K3Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
- PA.IV.B.R1Selection of runway/landing surface, approach path, and touchdown area based on pilot capability, aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
- PA.IV.B.R2Effects of:
- PA.IV.B.R2aCrosswind
- PA.IV.B.R2bWindshear
- PA.IV.B.R2cTailwind
- PA.IV.B.R2dWake turbulence
- PA.IV.B.R2eLanding surface/condition
- PA.IV.B.R3Planning for:
- PA.IV.B.R3aRejected landing and go-around
- PA.IV.B.R3bLand and hold short operations (LAHSO)
- PA.IV.B.R4Collision hazards.
- PA.IV.B.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IV.B.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IV.C.K1Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
- PA.IV.C.K2Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
- PA.IV.C.K3Appropriate airplane configuration.
- PA.IV.C.K4Ground effect.
- PA.IV.C.K5Importance of weight transfer from wheels to wings.
- PA.IV.C.K6Left turning tendencies.
- PA.IV.C.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
- PA.IV.C.R2Effects of:
- PA.IV.C.R2aCrosswind
- PA.IV.C.R2bWindshear
- PA.IV.C.R2cTailwind
- PA.IV.C.R2dWake turbulence
- PA.IV.C.R2eTakeoff surface/condition
- PA.IV.C.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:
- PA.IV.C.R3aRejected takeoff
- PA.IV.C.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
- PA.IV.C.R4Collision hazards.
- PA.IV.C.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IV.C.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IV.D.K1A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
- PA.IV.D.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
- PA.IV.D.K3Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
- PA.IV.D.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
- PA.IV.D.R2Effects of:
- PA.IV.D.R2aCrosswind
- PA.IV.D.R2bWindshear
- PA.IV.D.R2cTailwind
- PA.IV.D.R2dWake turbulence
- PA.IV.D.R2eLanding surface/condition
- PA.IV.D.R3Planning for:
- PA.IV.D.R3aRejected landing and go-around
- PA.IV.D.R3bLand and hold short operations (LAHSO)
- PA.IV.D.R4Collision hazards.
- PA.IV.D.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IV.D.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IV.E.K1Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
- PA.IV.E.K2Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
- PA.IV.E.K3Appropriate airplane configuration.
- PA.IV.E.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
- PA.IV.E.R2Effects of:
- PA.IV.E.R2aCrosswind
- PA.IV.E.R2bWindshear
- PA.IV.E.R2cTailwind
- PA.IV.E.R2dWake turbulence
- PA.IV.E.R2eTakeoff surface/condition
- PA.IV.E.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:
- PA.IV.E.R3aRejected takeoff
- PA.IV.E.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
- PA.IV.E.R4Collision hazards.
- PA.IV.E.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IV.E.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IV.F.K1A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
- PA.IV.F.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
- PA.IV.F.K3Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
- PA.IV.F.R1Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
- PA.IV.F.R2Effects of:
- PA.IV.F.R2aCrosswind
- PA.IV.F.R2bWindshear
- PA.IV.F.R2cTailwind
- PA.IV.F.R2dWake turbulence
- PA.IV.F.R2eLanding surface/condition
- PA.IV.F.R3Planning for:
- PA.IV.F.R3aRejected landing and go-around
- PA.IV.F.R3bLand and hold short operations (LAHSO)
- PA.IV.F.R4Collision hazards.
- PA.IV.F.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IV.F.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IV.G.K1Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
- PA.IV.G.K2Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
- PA.IV.G.K3Appropriate airplane configuration.
- PA.IV.G.K4Effects of water surface.
- PA.IV.G.R1Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
- PA.IV.G.R2Effects of:
- PA.IV.G.R2aCrosswind
- PA.IV.G.R2bWindshear
- PA.IV.G.R2cTailwind
- PA.IV.G.R2dWake turbulence
- PA.IV.G.R2eWater surface/condition
- PA.IV.G.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:
- PA.IV.G.R3aRejected takeoff
- PA.IV.G.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
- PA.IV.G.R4Collision hazards.
- PA.IV.G.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IV.G.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IV.H.K1A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
- PA.IV.H.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
- PA.IV.H.K3Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
- PA.IV.H.R1Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
- PA.IV.H.R2Effects of:
- PA.IV.H.R2aCrosswind
- PA.IV.H.R2bWindshear
- PA.IV.H.R2cTailwind
- PA.IV.H.R2dWake turbulence
- PA.IV.H.R2eWater surface/condition
- PA.IV.H.R3Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.
- PA.IV.H.R4Collision hazards.
- PA.IV.H.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IV.H.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IV.I.K1Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
- PA.IV.I.K2Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
- PA.IV.I.K3Appropriate airplane configuration.
- PA.IV.I.K4Appropriate use of glassy water takeoff and climb technique.
- PA.IV.I.R1Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, and available distance.
- PA.IV.I.R2Water surface/condition.
- PA.IV.I.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:
- PA.IV.I.R3aRejected takeoff
- PA.IV.I.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
- PA.IV.I.R4Collision hazards.
- PA.IV.I.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IV.I.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IV.I.R7Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
- PA.IV.J.K1A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
- PA.IV.J.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
- PA.IV.J.K3When and why glassy water techniques are used.
- PA.IV.J.K4How a glassy water approach and landing is executed.
- PA.IV.J.R1Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, and available distance.
- PA.IV.J.R2Water surface/condition.
- PA.IV.J.R3Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.
- PA.IV.J.R4Collision hazards.
- PA.IV.J.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IV.J.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IV.J.R7Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
- PA.IV.K.K1Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
- PA.IV.K.K2Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
- PA.IV.K.K3Appropriate airplane configuration.
- PA.IV.K.K4Appropriate use of rough water takeoff and climb technique.
- PA.IV.K.R1Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
- PA.IV.K.R2Effects of:
- PA.IV.K.R2aCrosswind
- PA.IV.K.R2bWindshear
- PA.IV.K.R2cTailwind
- PA.IV.K.R2dWake turbulence
- PA.IV.K.R2eWater surface/condition
- PA.IV.K.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:
- PA.IV.K.R3aRejected takeoff
- PA.IV.K.R3bPotential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
- PA.IV.K.R4Collision hazards.
- PA.IV.K.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IV.K.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IV.K.R7Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
- PA.IV.L.K1A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
- PA.IV.L.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
- PA.IV.L.K3Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
- PA.IV.L.K4When and why rough water techniques are used.
- PA.IV.L.K5How to perform a proper rough water approach and landing.
- PA.IV.L.R1Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
- PA.IV.L.R2Effects of:
- PA.IV.L.R2aCrosswind
- PA.IV.L.R2bWindshear
- PA.IV.L.R2cTailwind
- PA.IV.L.R2dWake turbulence
- PA.IV.L.R2eWater surface/condition
- PA.IV.L.R3Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.
- PA.IV.L.R4Collision hazards.
- PA.IV.L.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IV.L.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IV.L.R7Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
- PA.IV.M.K1Concepts of energy management during a forward slip approach.
- PA.IV.M.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
- PA.IV.M.K3Wind correction techniques during forward slip.
- PA.IV.M.K4When and why a forward slip approach is used during an approach.
- PA.IV.M.R1Selection of runway/landing surface, approach path, and touchdown area based on pilot capability, aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
- PA.IV.M.R2Effects of:
- PA.IV.M.R2aCrosswind
- PA.IV.M.R2bWindshear
- PA.IV.M.R2cTailwind
- PA.IV.M.R2dWake turbulence
- PA.IV.M.R2eLanding surface/condition
- PA.IV.M.R3Planning for:
- PA.IV.M.R3aRejected landing and go-around
- PA.IV.M.R3bLand and hold short operations (LAHSO)
- PA.IV.M.R4Collision hazards.
- PA.IV.M.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IV.M.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IV.M.R7Forward slip operations, including fuel flowage, tail stalls with flaps, and airspeed control.
- PA.IV.M.R8Surface contact with the airplane’s longitudinal axis misaligned.
- PA.IV.M.R9Unstable approach.
- PA.IV.N.K1A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
- PA.IV.N.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind and density altitude, on a go-around or rejected landing.
- PA.IV.N.K3Wind correction techniques on takeoff/departure and approach/landing.
- PA.IV.N.R1Delayed recognition of the need for a go-around/rejected landing.
- PA.IV.N.R2Delayed performance of a go-around at low altitude.
- PA.IV.N.R3Power application.
- PA.IV.N.R4Configuring the airplane.
- PA.IV.N.R5Collision hazards.
- PA.IV.N.R6Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IV.N.R7Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IV.N.R8Runway incursion.
- PA.IV.N.R9Managing a go-around/rejected landing after accepting a LAHSO clearance.
V. Performance Maneuvers and Ground Reference Maneuvers
- PA.V.A.K1How to conduct a proper steep turn.
- PA.V.A.K2Aerodynamics associated with steep turns, including:
- PA.V.A.K2aMaintaining coordinated flight
- PA.V.A.K2bOverbanking tendencies
- PA.V.A.K2cManeuvering speed, including the impact of weight changes
- PA.V.A.K2dLoad factor and accelerated stalls
- PA.V.A.K2eRate and radius of turn
- PA.V.A.R1Division of attention between aircraft control and orientation.
- PA.V.A.R2Collision hazards.
- PA.V.A.R3Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.V.A.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.V.A.R5Uncoordinated flight.
- PA.V.B.K1Purpose of ground reference maneuvers.
- PA.V.B.K2Effects of wind on ground track and relation to a ground reference.
- PA.V.B.K3Effects of bank angle and groundspeed on rate and radius of turn.
- PA.V.B.K4Relationship of rectangular course to airport traffic pattern.
- PA.V.B.R1Division of attention between aircraft control and orientation.
- PA.V.B.R2Collision hazards.
- PA.V.B.R3Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.V.B.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.V.B.R5Uncoordinated flight.
VI. Navigation
- PA.VI.A.K1Pilotage and dead reckoning.
- PA.VI.A.K2Magnetic compass errors.
- PA.VI.A.K3Topography.
- PA.VI.A.K4Selection of appropriate:
- PA.VI.A.K4aRoute
- PA.VI.A.K4bAltitude(s)
- PA.VI.A.K4cCheckpoints
- PA.VI.A.K5Plotting a course, including:
- PA.VI.A.K5aDetermining heading, speed, and course
- PA.VI.A.K5bWind correction angle
- PA.VI.A.K5cEstimating time, speed, and distance
- PA.VI.A.K5dTrue airspeed and density altitude
- PA.VI.A.K6Power setting selection.
- PA.VI.A.K7Planned calculations versus actual results and required corrections.
- PA.VI.A.R1Collision hazards.
- PA.VI.A.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.VI.A.R3Unplanned fuel/power consumption, if applicable.
- PA.VI.B.K1Ground-based navigation (identification, orientation, course determination, equipment, tests, regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, and signal integrity).
- PA.VI.B.K2Satellite-based navigation (e.g., equipment, regulations, authorized use of databases, and Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)).
- PA.VI.B.K3Radar assistance to visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft (e.g., operations, equipment, available services, traffic advisories).
- PA.VI.B.K4Transponder (Mode(s) A, C, and S) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B).
- PA.VI.B.R1Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.
- PA.VI.B.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.VI.B.R3Limitations of the navigation system in use.
- PA.VI.B.R4Loss of a navigation signal.
- PA.VI.B.R5Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.
- PA.VI.C.K1Selecting an alternate destination.
- PA.VI.C.K2Situations that require deviations from flight plan or air traffic control (ATC) instructions.
- PA.VI.C.R1Collision hazards.
- PA.VI.C.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.VI.C.R3Circumstances that would make diversion prudent.
- PA.VI.C.R4Selecting an appropriate airport or seaplane base.
- PA.VI.C.R5Using available resources (e.g., automation, ATC, and flight deck planning aids).
- PA.VI.D.K1Methods to determine position.
- PA.VI.D.K2Assistance available if lost (e.g., radar services, communication procedures).
- PA.VI.D.R1Collision hazards.
- PA.VI.D.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.VI.D.R3Recording times over waypoints.
- PA.VI.D.R4When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
VII. Slow Flight and Stalls
- PA.VII.A.K1Aerodynamics associated with slow flight in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.
- PA.VII.A.R1Inadvertent slow flight and flight with a stall warning, which could lead to loss of control.
- PA.VII.A.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
- PA.VII.A.R3Uncoordinated flight.
- PA.VII.A.R4Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).
- PA.VII.A.R5Collision hazards.
- PA.VII.A.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.VII.B.K1Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.
- PA.VII.B.K2Stall characteristics as they relate to airplane design, and recognition impending stall and full stall indications using sight, sound, or feel.
- PA.VII.B.K3Factors and situations that can lead to a power-off stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it.
- PA.VII.B.K4Fundamentals of stall recovery.
- PA.VII.B.R1Factors and situations that could lead to an inadvertent power-off stall, spin, and loss of control.
- PA.VII.B.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
- PA.VII.B.R3Stall warning(s) during normal operations.
- PA.VII.B.R4Stall recovery procedure.
- PA.VII.B.R5Secondary stalls, accelerated stalls, and cross-control stalls.
- PA.VII.B.R6Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to power-off stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).
- PA.VII.B.R7Collision hazards.
- PA.VII.B.R8Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.VII.C.K1Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.
- PA.VII.C.K2Stall characteristics as they relate to airplane design, and recognition impending stall and full stall indications using sight, sound, or feel.
- PA.VII.C.K3Factors and situations that can lead to a power-on stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it.
- PA.VII.C.K4Fundamentals of stall recovery.
- PA.VII.C.R1Factors and situations that could lead to an inadvertent power-on stall, spin, and loss of control.
- PA.VII.C.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
- PA.VII.C.R3Stall warning(s) during normal operations.
- PA.VII.C.R4Stall recovery procedure.
- PA.VII.C.R5Secondary stalls, accelerated stalls, elevator trim stalls, and cross-control stalls.
- PA.VII.C.R6Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to power-on stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).
- PA.VII.C.R7Collision hazards.
- PA.VII.C.R8Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.VII.D.K1Aerodynamics associated with spins in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.
- PA.VII.D.K2What causes a spin and how to identify the entry, incipient, and developed phases of a spin.
- PA.VII.D.K3Spin recovery procedure.
- PA.VII.D.R1Factors and situations that could lead to inadvertent spin and loss of control.
- PA.VII.D.R2Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
- PA.VII.D.R3Spin recovery procedure.
- PA.VII.D.R4Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to spins (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).
- PA.VII.D.R5Collision hazards.
- PA.VII.D.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
VIII. Basic Instrument Maneuvers
- PA.VIII.A.K1Flight instruments as they relate to:
- PA.VIII.A.K1aInstrument limitations and potential errors
- PA.VIII.A.K1bIndication of the aircraft attitude
- PA.VIII.A.K1cFunction and operation
- PA.VIII.A.K1dProper instrument cross-check techniques
- PA.VIII.A.R1Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
- PA.VIII.A.R2When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
- PA.VIII.A.R3Collision hazards.
- PA.VIII.A.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.VIII.A.R5Fixation and omission.
- PA.VIII.A.R6Instrument Interpretation.
- PA.VIII.A.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.
- PA.VIII.A.R8Trimming the aircraft.
- PA.VIII.B.K1Flight instruments as they relate to:
- PA.VIII.B.K1aInstrument limitations and potential errors
- PA.VIII.B.K1bIndication of the aircraft attitude
- PA.VIII.B.K1cFunction and operation
- PA.VIII.B.K1dProper instrument cross-check techniques
- PA.VIII.B.R1Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
- PA.VIII.B.R2When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
- PA.VIII.B.R3Collision hazards.
- PA.VIII.B.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.VIII.B.R5Fixation and omission.
- PA.VIII.B.R6Instrument Interpretation.
- PA.VIII.B.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.
- PA.VIII.B.R8Trimming the aircraft.
- PA.VIII.C.K1Flight instruments as they relate to:
- PA.VIII.C.K1aInstrument limitations and potential errors
- PA.VIII.C.K1bIndication of the aircraft attitude
- PA.VIII.C.K1cFunction and operation
- PA.VIII.C.K1dProper instrument cross-check techniques
- PA.VIII.C.R1Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
- PA.VIII.C.R2When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
- PA.VIII.C.R3Collision hazards.
- PA.VIII.C.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.VIII.C.R5Fixation and omission.
- PA.VIII.C.R6Instrument Interpretation.
- PA.VIII.C.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.
- PA.VIII.C.R8Trimming the aircraft.
- PA.VIII.D.K1Flight instruments as they relate to:
- PA.VIII.D.K1aInstrument limitations and potential errors
- PA.VIII.D.K1bIndication of the aircraft attitude
- PA.VIII.D.K1cFunction and operation
- PA.VIII.D.K1dProper instrument cross-check techniques
- PA.VIII.D.R1Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
- PA.VIII.D.R2When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
- PA.VIII.D.R3Collision hazards.
- PA.VIII.D.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.VIII.D.R5Fixation and omission.
- PA.VIII.D.R6Instrument Interpretation.
- PA.VIII.D.R7Control application solely by reference to instruments.
- PA.VIII.D.R8Trimming the aircraft.
- PA.VIII.E.K1Prevention of unusual attitudes, including flight causal, physiological, and environmental factors, and system and equipment failures.
- PA.VIII.E.K1a[Archived]
- PA.VIII.E.K1b[Archived]
- PA.VIII.E.K1c[Archived]
- PA.VIII.E.K1d[Archived]
- PA.VIII.E.K2Procedures for recovery from unusual attitudes in flight.
- PA.VIII.E.K3Procedures available to safely regain visual meteorological conditions (VMC) after flight into inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions or unintended instrument meteorological conditions (IIMC)/(UIMC).
- PA.VIII.E.K4Appropriate use of automation, if applicable.
- PA.VIII.E.R1Situations that could lead to loss of control in-flight (LOC-I) or unusual attitudes in-flight (e.g., stress, task saturation, inadequate instrument scan distractions, and spatial disorientation).
- PA.VIII.E.R2[Archived]
- PA.VIII.E.R3Collision hazards.
- PA.VIII.E.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.VIII.E.R5Interpreting flight instruments.
- PA.VIII.E.R6[Archived]
- PA.VIII.E.R7Operating envelope considerations.
- PA.VIII.E.R8Control input errors, inducing undesired aircraft attitudes.
- PA.VIII.E.R9Assessment of the unusual attitude.
- PA.VIII.E.R10Control application solely by reference to instruments.
- PA.VIII.F.K1Operating communications equipment, including identifying and selecting radio frequencies, requesting and following air traffic control (ATC) instructions.
- PA.VIII.F.K2Operating navigation equipment, including functions and displays, and following bearings, radials, or courses.
- PA.VIII.F.K3Air traffic control facilities and services.
- PA.VIII.F.R1When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
- PA.VIII.F.R2Using available resources (e.g., automation, ATC, and flight deck planning aids).
IX. Emergency Operations
- PA.IX.A.K1Situations that would require an emergency descent (e.g., depressurization, smoke, or engine fire).
- PA.IX.A.K2Immediate action items and emergency procedures.
- PA.IX.A.K3Airspeed, including airspeed limitations.
- PA.IX.A.K4Aircraft performance and limitations.
- PA.IX.A.R1Altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, gliding distance, and available landing distance considerations.
- PA.IX.A.R2Collision hazards.
- PA.IX.A.R3Configuring the airplane.
- PA.IX.A.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IX.B.K1Immediate action items and emergency procedures.
- PA.IX.B.K2Airspeed, including:
- PA.IX.B.K2aImportance of best glide speed and its relationship to distance
- PA.IX.B.K2bDifference between best glide speed and minimum sink speed
- PA.IX.B.K2cEffects of wind on glide distance
- PA.IX.B.K3Effects of atmospheric conditions on emergency approach and landing.
- PA.IX.B.K4A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
- PA.IX.B.K5Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) and other emergency locating devices.
- PA.IX.B.K6Air traffic control (ATC) services to aircraft in distress.
- PA.IX.B.R1Altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, gliding distance, and available landing distance considerations.
- PA.IX.B.R2Following or changing the planned flightpath to the selected landing area.
- PA.IX.B.R3Collision hazards.
- PA.IX.B.R4Configuring the airplane.
- PA.IX.B.R5Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IX.B.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IX.C.K1Causes of partial or complete power loss related to the specific type of powerplant(s).
- PA.IX.C.K1a[Archived]
- PA.IX.C.K1b[Archived]
- PA.IX.C.K1c[Archived]
- PA.IX.C.K1d[Archived]
- PA.IX.C.K2System and equipment malfunctions specific to the aircraft, including:
- PA.IX.C.K2aElectrical malfunction
- PA.IX.C.K2bVacuum/pressure and associated flight instrument malfunctions
- PA.IX.C.K2cPitot-static system malfunction
- PA.IX.C.K2dElectronic flight deck display malfunction
- PA.IX.C.K2eLanding gear or flap malfunction
- PA.IX.C.K2fInoperative trim
- PA.IX.C.K3Causes and remedies for smoke or fire onboard the aircraft.
- PA.IX.C.K4Any other system specific to the aircraft (e.g., supplemental oxygen, deicing).
- PA.IX.C.K5Inadvertent door or window opening.
- PA.IX.C.R1Checklist usage for a system or equipment malfunction.
- PA.IX.C.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IX.C.R3Undesired aircraft state.
- PA.IX.C.R4Startle response.
- PA.IX.D.K1Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) operations, limitations, and testing requirements.
- PA.IX.D.K2Fire extinguisher operations and limitations.
- PA.IX.D.K3Emergency equipment and survival gear needed for:
- PA.IX.D.K3aClimate extremes (hot/cold)
- PA.IX.D.K3bMountainous terrain
- PA.IX.D.K3cOverwater operations
- PA.IX.D.K4When to deploy a ballistic parachute and associated passenger briefings, if equipped.
- PA.IX.D.K5When to activate an emergency auto-land system and brief passengers, if equipped.
- PA.IX.D.R1Survival gear (water, clothing, shelter) for 48 to 72 hours.
- PA.IX.D.R2Use of a ballistic parachute system.
- PA.IX.D.R3Use of an emergency auto-land system, if installed.
- PA.IX.E.K1Factors affecting minimum control airspeed with an inoperative engine (VMC).
- PA.IX.E.K2VMC (red line) and best single-engine rate of climb airspeed (VYSE) (blue line).
- PA.IX.E.K3Accelerate/stop distance.
- PA.IX.E.R1Potential engine failure during takeoff.
- PA.IX.E.R2Configuring the airplane.
- PA.IX.E.R3Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IX.F.K1Factors affecting minimum controllable speed (VMC).
- PA.IX.F.K2VMC (red line), VYSE (blue line), and safe single-engine speed (VSSE).
- PA.IX.F.K3Accelerate/stop and accelerate/go distances.
- PA.IX.F.K4How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine.
- PA.IX.F.K5Importance of drag reduction, including propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer’s recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip.
- PA.IX.F.K6Simulated propeller feathering and the evaluator’s zero-thrust procedures and responsibilities.
- PA.IX.F.R1Potential engine failure after lift-off.
- PA.IX.F.R2Collision hazards.
- PA.IX.F.R3Configuring the airplane.
- PA.IX.F.R4Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IX.F.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IX.G.K1Factors affecting minimum controllable speed (VMC).
- PA.IX.G.K2VMC (red line) and best single-engine rate of climb airspeed (VYSE) (blue line).
- PA.IX.G.K3How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine.
- PA.IX.G.K4Importance of drag reduction, including propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer’s recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip.
- PA.IX.G.K5Applicant responsibilities during simulated feathering.
- PA.IX.G.R1Potential engine failure inflight or during an approach.
- PA.IX.G.R2Collision hazards.
- PA.IX.G.R3Configuring the airplane.
- PA.IX.G.R4Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.IX.G.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.IX.G.R6Possible single-engine go-around.
X. Multiengine Operations
- PA.X.A.K1Factors affecting minimum controllable speed (VMC).
- PA.X.A.K2VMC (red line) and best single-engine rate of climb airspeed (VYSE) (blue line).
- PA.X.A.K3How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine.
- PA.X.A.K4Importance of drag reduction, including propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer's recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip.
- PA.X.A.K5Feathering, securing, unfeathering, and restarting.
- PA.X.A.R1Potential engine failure during flight.
- PA.X.A.R2Collision hazards.
- PA.X.A.R3Configuring the airplane.
- PA.X.A.R4Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.X.A.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.X.B.K1Factors affecting VMC and how VMC differs from stall speed (VS).
- PA.X.B.K2VMC (red line), VYSE (blue line), and safe single-engine speed (VSSE).
- PA.X.B.K3Cause of loss of directional control at airspeeds below VMC.
- PA.X.B.K4Proper procedures for maneuver entry and safe recovery.
- PA.X.B.R1Configuring the airplane.
- PA.X.B.R2Maneuvering with one engine inoperative.
- PA.X.B.R3Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.X.C.K1Procedures used if engine failure occurs during straight-and-level flight and turns while on instruments.
- PA.X.C.R1Identification of the inoperative engine.
- PA.X.C.R2Inability to climb or maintain altitude with an inoperative engine.
- PA.X.C.R3Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.X.C.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.X.C.R5Fuel management during single-engine operation.
- PA.X.D.K1Instrument approach procedures with one engine inoperative.
- PA.X.D.R1Potential engine failure during approach and landing.
- PA.X.D.R2Collision hazards.
- PA.X.D.R3Configuring the airplane.
- PA.X.D.R4Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
- PA.X.D.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.X.D.R6Performing a go-around/rejected landing with an engine failure.
XI. Night Operations
- PA.XI.A.K1Physiological aspects of vision related to night flying.
- PA.XI.A.K2Lighting systems identifying airports, runways, taxiways and obstructions, as well as pilot controlled lighting.
- PA.XI.A.K3Airplane equipment and lighting requirements for night operations.
- PA.XI.A.K4Personal equipment essential for night flight.
- PA.XI.A.K5Night orientation, navigation, chart reading techniques and methods for maintaining night vision effectiveness.
- PA.XI.A.K6Night taxi operations.
- PA.XI.A.K7Interpretation of traffic position and direction based solely on position lights.
- PA.XI.A.K8Visual illusions at night.
- PA.XI.A.R1Collision hazards.
- PA.XI.A.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PA.XI.A.R3Effect of visual illusions and night adaptation during all phases of night flying.
- PA.XI.A.R4Runway incursion.
- PA.XI.A.R5Night currency versus proficiency.
- PA.XI.A.R6Weather considerations specific to night operations.
- PA.XI.A.R7Inoperative equipment.
XII. Postflight Procedures
- PA.XII.A.K1Airplane shutdown, securing, and postflight inspection.
- PA.XII.A.K2Documenting in-flight/postflight discrepancies.
- PA.XII.A.R1Activities and distractions.
- PA.XII.A.R2[Archived]
- PA.XII.A.R3Airport specific security procedures.
- PA.XII.A.R4Disembarking passengers safely on the ramp and monitoring passenger movement while on the ramp.
- PA.XII.B.K1Mooring.
- PA.XII.B.K2Docking.
- PA.XII.B.K3Anchoring.
- PA.XII.B.K4Beaching/ramping.
- PA.XII.B.K5Postflight inspection, recording of in-flight/postflight discrepancies.
- PA.XII.B.R1Activities and distractions.
- PA.XII.B.R2[Archived]
- PA.XII.B.R3Seaplane base specific security procedures, if applicable.
- PA.XII.B.R4Disembarking passengers safely on the ramp and monitoring passenger movement while on the ramp.