Airworthy PrepScore report lookup
Private Pilot Helicopter test codes, explained
Your FAA knowledge test report lists a code like PH.I.A.K1 for each area where you missed a question. Type or paste one below to see what it means, in the FAA's own words.
Source: FAA-S-ACS-15, Private Pilot for Rotorcraft Category Helicopter Rating ACS (November 2023, effective May 31, 2024). Used on: Private Pilot Helicopter Canadian Conversion (PCH), Private Pilot Helicopter (PRH).
All of them at once is fine, with commas, spaces or line breaks, in any case. You get a study plan grouped by subject. Nothing is sent anywhere: it runs in your browser.
I. Preflight Preparation
- PH.I.A.K1Certification requirements, recent flight experience, and recordkeeping.
- PH.I.A.K2Privileges and limitations.
- PH.I.A.K3Medical certificates: class, expiration, privileges, temporary disqualifications.
- PH.I.A.K4Documents required to exercise private pilot privileges.
- PH.I.A.K5Part 68 BasicMed privileges and limitations.
- PH.I.A.R1Proficiency versus currency.
- PH.I.A.R2Flying an unfamiliar helicopter or operating with unfamiliar flight display systems and avionics.
- PH.I.B.K1General airworthiness requirements and compliance for a helicopter, including:
- PH.I.B.K1aLocation and expiration dates of required aircraft certificates
- PH.I.B.K1bRequired inspections and aircraft logbook documentation
- PH.I.B.K1cAirworthiness Directives and Special Airworthiness Information Bulletins
- PH.I.B.K1dPurpose and procedure for obtaining a special flight permit
- PH.I.B.K1eOwner/Operator and pilot-in-command responsibilities
- PH.I.B.K2Pilot-performed preventive maintenance.
- PH.I.B.K3Equipment requirements for day and night VFR flight, including:
- PH.I.B.K3aFlying with inoperative equipment
- PH.I.B.K3bUsing an approved Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
- PH.I.B.K3cKinds of Operation Equipment List (KOEL)
- PH.I.B.K3dRequired discrepancy records or placards
- PH.I.B.K4Special airworthiness certificate aircraft operating limitations, if applicable.
- PH.I.B.R1Inoperative equipment discovered prior to flight.
- PH.I.C.K1Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes.
- PH.I.C.K2Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight such as:
- PH.I.C.K2aAirport Observations (METAR and SPECI) and Pilot Observations (PIREP)
- PH.I.C.K2bSurface Analysis Chart, Ceiling and Visibility Chart (CVA)
- PH.I.C.K2cTerminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)
- PH.I.C.K2dGraphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA)
- PH.I.C.K2eWind and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB)
- PH.I.C.K2fConvective Outlook (AC)
- PH.I.C.K2gInflight Aviation Weather Advisories including Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET), Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET), and Convective SIGMET
- PH.I.C.K3Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination under visual flight rules (VFR) in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), including expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:
- PH.I.C.K3aAtmospheric composition and stability
- PH.I.C.K3bWind (e.g., windshear, mountain wave, factors affecting wind, etc.)
- PH.I.C.K3cTemperature and heat exchange
- PH.I.C.K3dMoisture/precipitation
- PH.I.C.K3eWeather system formation, including air masses and fronts
- PH.I.C.K3fClouds
- PH.I.C.K3gTurbulence
- PH.I.C.K3hThunderstorms and microbursts
- PH.I.C.K3iIcing and freezing level information
- PH.I.C.K3jFog/mist
- PH.I.C.K3kFrost
- PH.I.C.K3lObstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.)
- PH.I.C.K4Flight deck instrument displays of digital weather and aeronautical information.
- PH.I.C.R1Making the go/no-go and continue/divert decisions, including:
- PH.I.C.R1aCircumstances that would make diversion prudent
- PH.I.C.R1bPersonal weather minimums
- PH.I.C.R1cHazardous weather conditions, including known or forecast icing or turbulence aloft
- PH.I.C.R2Use and limitations of:
- PH.I.C.R2aInstalled onboard weather equipment
- PH.I.C.R2bAviation weather reports and forecasts
- PH.I.C.R2cInflight weather resources
- PH.I.D.K1Route planning, including consideration of different classes and special use airspace (SUA) and selection of appropriate and available navigation/communication systems and facilities.
- PH.I.D.K1aUse of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used
- PH.I.D.K2Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, autorotation requirements of the helicopter, VFR cruising altitudes, and the effect of wind.
- PH.I.D.K3Calculating:
- PH.I.D.K3aTime, climb and descent rates, course, distance, heading, true airspeed, and groundspeed
- PH.I.D.K3bEstimated time of arrival, including conversion to universal coordinated time (UTC)
- PH.I.D.K3cFuel requirements, including reserve
- PH.I.D.K4Elements of a VFR flight plan.
- PH.I.D.K5Procedures for filing, activating, and closing a VFR flight plan.
- PH.I.D.K6Inflight intercept procedures.
- PH.I.D.R1Pilot.
- PH.I.D.R2Aircraft.
- PH.I.D.R3Environment (e.g., weather, airports, airspace, terrain, obstacles, including wire strike hazards).
- PH.I.D.R4External pressures.
- PH.I.D.R5Limitations of air traffic control (ATC) services.
- PH.I.D.R6Fuel planning.
- PH.I.D.R7Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.
- PH.I.E.K1Airspace classes and associated requirements and limitations.
- PH.I.E.K2Chart symbols.
- PH.I.E.K3Special use airspace (SUA), special flight rules areas (SFRA), temporary flight restrictions (TFR), and other airspace areas.
- PH.I.E.K4Special visual flight rules (VFR) requirements.
- PH.I.E.R1Various classes and types of airspace.
- PH.I.F.K1Elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance.
- PH.I.F.K2Factors affecting performance, including:
- PH.I.F.K2aAtmospheric conditions
- PH.I.F.K2bPilot technique
- PH.I.F.K2cHelicopter configuration
- PH.I.F.K2dAirport, heliport, helipad, or unprepared surface environment
- PH.I.F.K3Loading and weight and balance.
- PH.I.F.K4Aerodynamics.
- PH.I.F.K5Height/Velocity (H/V) diagram according to the Rotorcraft Flight Manual (RFM).
- PH.I.F.R1Use of performance charts, tables, and data.
- PH.I.F.R2Helicopter limitations.
- PH.I.F.R3Possible differences between calculated performance and actual performance.
- PH.I.F.R4Exceeding weight limits.
- PH.I.F.R5Operating outside of CG limits.
- PH.I.F.R6Shifting, adding, and removing weight.
- PH.I.F.R7Retreating blade stall.
- PH.I.F.R8Situations that lead to loss of tail rotor/antitorque effectiveness (LTE).
- PH.I.G.K1Helicopter systems, including:
- PH.I.G.K1aFlight controls, trim, and if installed, stability control
- PH.I.G.K1bPowerplant(s)
- PH.I.G.K1cMain rotor and antitorque systems
- PH.I.G.K1dTransmission and associated drive shafts
- PH.I.G.K1eFuel, oil, and hydraulic
- PH.I.G.K1fAvionics
- PH.I.G.K1gLanding gear, brakes, steering, skids, or floats, as applicable
- PH.I.G.K1hElectrical
- PH.I.G.K1iPitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments
- PH.I.G.K1jEnvironmental
- PH.I.G.K1kAnti-icing and deicing, including carburetor heat, if applicable
- PH.I.G.K2Indications of and procedures for managing system abnormalities or failures.
- PH.I.G.R1Detection of system malfunctions or failures.
- PH.I.G.R2Management of a system failure.
- PH.I.G.R3Monitoring and management of automated systems.
- PH.I.H.K1Symptoms, recognition, causes, effects, and corrective actions associated with aeromedical and physiological issues, including:
- PH.I.H.K1aHypoxia
- PH.I.H.K1bHyperventilation
- PH.I.H.K1cMiddle ear and sinus problems
- PH.I.H.K1dSpatial disorientation
- PH.I.H.K1eMotion sickness
- PH.I.H.K1fCarbon monoxide poisoning
- PH.I.H.K1gStress
- PH.I.H.K1hFatigue
- PH.I.H.K1iDehydration and nutrition
- PH.I.H.K1jHypothermia
- PH.I.H.K1kOptical illusions
- PH.I.H.K1lDissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba dives
- PH.I.H.K2Regulations regarding use of alcohol and drugs.
- PH.I.H.K3Effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications.
- PH.I.H.K4Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) to include using Crew Resource Management (CRM) or Single- Pilot Resource Management (SRM), as appropriate.
- PH.I.H.R1Aeromedical and physiological issues.
- PH.I.H.R2Hazardous attitudes.
- PH.I.H.R3Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.I.H.R4Confirmation and expectation bias.
II. Preflight Procedures
- PH.II.A.K1Pilot self-assessment.
- PH.II.A.K2Determining that the helicopter to be used is in an airworthy condition.
- PH.II.A.K3Helicopter preflight inspection, including:
- PH.II.A.K3aWhich items should be inspected
- PH.II.A.K3bThe reasons for checking each item
- PH.II.A.K3cHow to detect possible defects
- PH.II.A.K3dThe associated regulations
- PH.II.A.K4Environmental factors, including weather, terrain, route selection, and obstructions.
- PH.II.A.R1Pilot.
- PH.II.A.R2Aircraft.
- PH.II.A.R3Environment (e.g., weather, icing, airports/heliports/helipads/landing areas, airspace, terrain, obstacles).
- PH.II.A.R4External pressures.
- PH.II.A.R5Aviation security concerns.
- PH.II.B.K1Passenger briefing requirements, including operation and required use of safety restraint systems.
- PH.II.B.K2Use of appropriate checklists.
- PH.II.B.K3Requirements for current and appropriate navigation data.
- PH.II.B.K4Securing items and cargo.
- PH.II.B.R1Use of systems or equipment, including automation and portable electronic devices.
- PH.II.B.R2Inoperative equipment.
- PH.II.B.R3Passenger distractions.
- PH.II.C.K1Starting under various conditions.
- PH.II.C.K2Starting procedures, including the use of external power if applicable.
- PH.II.C.K3Limitations associated with starting.
- PH.II.C.K4Conditions leading to and procedures for an aborted start.
- PH.II.C.R1Rotor engagement, if applicable.
- PH.II.C.R2Use of external power unit.
- PH.II.C.R3Limitations during starting.
- PH.II.D.K1Purpose of before takeoff checklist items, including:
- PH.II.D.K1aReasons for checking each item
- PH.II.D.K1bDetecting malfunctions
- PH.II.D.K1cConfiguring the helicopter as recommended by the manufacturer
- PH.II.D.R1Division of attention while conducting before takeoff checks.
- PH.II.D.R2Unexpected or unclear clearances from ATC.
III. Airport and Heliport Operations
- PH.III.A.K1Airport runway, heliport, helipad, taxiway signs, markings, and lighting.
- PH.III.A.K2Airport movement area.
- PH.III.A.R1Interpretation of signs, markings, or lighting.
- PH.III.A.R2Landing site dimensions and limitations.
- PH.III.A.R3Conflict with aircraft, vehicles, and persons.
- PH.III.A.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.III.A.R5Runway incursion.
- PH.III.B.K1How to obtain appropriate radio frequencies.
- PH.III.B.K2Proper radio communication procedures and air traffic control (ATC) phraseology.
- PH.III.B.K3ATC light signal recognition.
- PH.III.B.K4Appropriate use of transponder(s).
- PH.III.B.K5Lost communication procedures.
- PH.III.B.K6Equipment issues that could cause loss of communication.
- PH.III.B.K7Radar assistance.
- PH.III.B.K8National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident/incident reporting.
- PH.III.B.K9Runway Status Lighting Systems.
- PH.III.B.R1Communication.
- PH.III.B.R2Deciding if and when to declare an emergency.
- PH.III.B.R3Use of non-standard phraseology.
- PH.III.C.K1Towered and nontowered airport/heliport/helipad/landing area operations and restrictions.
- PH.III.C.K2Traffic pattern for the current conditions.
- PH.III.C.K3Right-of-way rules.
- PH.III.C.K4Use of automated weather and airport/heliport information.
- PH.III.C.R1Collision hazards.
- PH.III.C.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.III.C.R3Windshear and wake turbulence.
IV. Hovering Maneuvers
- PH.IV.A.K1Elements related to a vertical takeoff to a hover and landing from a hover.
- PH.IV.A.K2Effect of wind on flight control inputs.
- PH.IV.A.K3Effect of weight and balance and various centers of gravity.
- PH.IV.A.K4Ground effect.
- PH.IV.A.R1Loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE).
- PH.IV.A.R2Dynamic rollover.
- PH.IV.A.R3Ground resonance.
- PH.IV.A.R4Powerplant failure during hover.
- PH.IV.B.K1Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs).
- PH.IV.B.K2Hover taxi instructions, clearances, and limitations.
- PH.IV.B.K3Airport/heliport/helipad/landing area, signs, markings, and lighting.
- PH.IV.B.K4Visual indicators for wind.
- PH.IV.B.K5Aircraft lighting, as appropriate.
- PH.IV.B.K6Procedures for:
- PH.IV.B.K6aPilot activities during taxiing
- PH.IV.B.K6bSafe hover taxi at towered and non-towered airports/heliports/helipads/landing areas
- PH.IV.B.K6cEntering or crossing runways
- PH.IV.B.K7Height/Velocity (H/V) considerations.
- PH.IV.B.K8Aircraft operating limitations.
- PH.IV.B.R1Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.IV.B.R2Reduced visibility or night taxi operations.
- PH.IV.B.R3Runway incursion.
- PH.IV.B.R4Other aircraft, vehicles, persons, and hazards.
- PH.IV.B.R5Hazardous effects of downwash.
- PH.IV.B.R6Main rotor, tail rotor, and tail strike hazards.
- PH.IV.B.R7Height/Velocity (H/V) considerations.
- PH.IV.B.R8Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.
- PH.IV.C.K1Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs).
- PH.IV.C.K2Air taxi instructions, clearances, and limitations.
- PH.IV.C.K3Airport/heliport/helipad/landing area, signs, markings, and lighting.
- PH.IV.C.K4Visual indicators for wind.
- PH.IV.C.K5Aircraft lighting, as appropriate.
- PH.IV.C.K6Procedures for:
- PH.IV.C.K6aPilot activities during taxiing
- PH.IV.C.K6bSafe air taxi at towered and nontowered airports
- PH.IV.C.K6cOverflying of runways
- PH.IV.C.K7Height/Velocity (H/V) considerations.
- PH.IV.C.R1Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.IV.C.R2Reduced visibility or night taxi operations.
- PH.IV.C.R3Runway incursion.
- PH.IV.C.R4Main rotor, tail rotor, and tail strike hazards.
- PH.IV.C.R5H/V diagram performance in case of powerplant failure.
- PH.IV.C.R6Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.
- PH.IV.D.K1Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs).
- PH.IV.D.K2Taxi instructions/clearances.
- PH.IV.D.K3Airport/heliport/helipad/landing area, signs, markings, and lighting.
- PH.IV.D.K4Visual indicators for wind.
- PH.IV.D.K5Aircraft lighting, as appropriate.
- PH.IV.D.K6Procedures for:
- PH.IV.D.K6aAppropriate flight deck activities prior to taxi, including route planning and identifying the location of Hot Spots
- PH.IV.D.K6bSafe taxi at towered and nontowered airports
- PH.IV.D.K6cEntering or crossing runways
- PH.IV.D.R1Activities and distractions.
- PH.IV.D.R2Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.
- PH.IV.D.R3Runway incursion.
- PH.IV.D.R4Speed during taxi and turns.
- PH.IV.D.R5Appropriate thrust vector and brake use.
- PH.IV.D.R6Airframe and rotor clearances during taxi.
- PH.IV.E.K1Elements related to slope operations.
- PH.IV.E.K2Factors used for selecting an appropriate slope.
- PH.IV.E.K3Effect of wind on slope operations.
- PH.IV.E.K4Dynamic rollover considerations during slope operations and preventive/recovery techniques.
- PH.IV.E.K5Helicopter slope limitations.
- PH.IV.E.R1Operations on a slope.
- PH.IV.E.R2Conditions leading to loss of tail rotor/antitorque effectiveness.
- PH.IV.E.R3Embarking or disembarking passengers and rotor blade hazards.
- PH.IV.E.R4Conditions leading to dynamic rollover.
- PH.IV.E.R5Surface conditions.
- PH.IV.E.R6Collision hazards.
- PH.IV.E.R7Exceeding the manufacturer's slope limitations.
V. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds
- PH.V.A.K1Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
- PH.V.A.K2Factors affecting the profile of the height/velocity (H/V) diagram.
- PH.V.A.R1Selection of takeoff path based on helicopter performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
- PH.V.A.R2Effects of:
- PH.V.A.R2aCrosswind
- PH.V.A.R2bWindshear
- PH.V.A.R2cTailwind
- PH.V.A.R2dTurbulence, including wake turbulence
- PH.V.A.R2eRunway/departure point surface/condition
- PH.V.A.R3Abnormal operations, including planning for:
- PH.V.A.R3aRejected takeoff
- PH.V.A.R3bPowerplant failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
- PH.V.A.R4Collision hazards.
- PH.V.A.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.V.A.R6Runway incursion.
- PH.V.B.K1Effects of wind, weight, altitude, and temperature on performance.
- PH.V.B.K2Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
- PH.V.B.K3Landing surface, obstructions, and selection of a suitable touchdown point.
- PH.V.B.K4Factors affecting the profile of the height/velocity (H/V) diagram.
- PH.V.B.R1Selection of approach path and landing based on aircraft performance and limitations, and wind.
- PH.V.B.R2Effects of:
- PH.V.B.R2aCrosswind
- PH.V.B.R2bWindshear
- PH.V.B.R2cTailwind
- PH.V.B.R2dTurbulence, including wake turbulence
- PH.V.B.R2eVortex ring state (VRS)
- PH.V.B.R2fTouchdown surface and condition
- PH.V.B.R3Go-around/rejected landing.
- PH.V.B.R4Collision hazards.
- PH.V.B.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.V.B.R6Loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE).
- PH.V.C.K1Situations where this maneuver is appropriate.
- PH.V.C.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind and temperature, on takeoff and climb performance.
- PH.V.C.K3Factors affecting the profile of the height/velocity (H/V) diagram.
- PH.V.C.R1Selection of takeoff path based on helicopter performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
- PH.V.C.R2Effects of:
- PH.V.C.R2aCrosswind
- PH.V.C.R2bWindshear
- PH.V.C.R2cTailwind
- PH.V.C.R2dTurbulence, including wake turbulence
- PH.V.C.R2eSurface conditions
- PH.V.C.R3Abnormal operations including:
- PH.V.C.R3aRejected takeoff
- PH.V.C.R3bPowerplant failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
- PH.V.C.R4Collision hazards.
- PH.V.C.R5Low rotor rpm.
- PH.V.C.R6Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.V.D.K1A stabilized steep approach.
- PH.V.D.K2Approach techniques and applicability.
- PH.V.D.K3Performance data and the height velocity (H/V) diagram.
- PH.V.D.K4Effects of atmospheric conditions on approach and landing performance.
- PH.V.D.K5Wind correction techniques.
- PH.V.D.K6Aircraft performance and limitations.
- PH.V.D.R1Selection of approach path and landing based on aircraft performance and limitations, and wind.
- PH.V.D.R2Effects of:
- PH.V.D.R2aWind Direction
- PH.V.D.R2bWindshear
- PH.V.D.R2cTurbulence, including wake turbulence
- PH.V.D.R3Planning for.
- PH.V.D.R3aRejected landing and go-around
- PH.V.D.R3bPowerplant failure during the approach
- PH.V.D.R4Collision hazards.
- PH.V.D.R5Vortex ring state (VRS).
- PH.V.D.R6Landing surface.
- PH.V.D.R7Aircraft limitations.
- PH.V.D.R8Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.V.D.R9Loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE).
- PH.V.D.R10Degraded Visual Environment (DVE) and flat light conditions.
- PH.V.E.K1Situations and considerations on approach that could require a go-around.
- PH.V.E.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions on a go-around.
- PH.V.E.K3Go-around procedures and the importance of a timely decision.
- PH.V.E.R1Recognition of the need for a go-around.
- PH.V.E.R2Application of power and flight control inputs.
- PH.V.E.R3Collision hazards.
- PH.V.E.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.V.E.R5Runway incursion.
- PH.V.F.K1Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.
- PH.V.F.K2Situations when a confined area approach and landing is recommended and factors related to landing performance including H/V diagram information.
- PH.V.F.K3High and low reconnaissance, including takeoff and departure planning.
- PH.V.F.K4Power requirements versus power available for the departure or arrival profile(s).
- PH.V.F.R1Selection of approach path, termination point and departure path based on aircraft performance and limitations, wind, and availability of alternate sites.
- PH.V.F.R2Effects of:
- PH.V.F.R2aWind Direction
- PH.V.F.R2bWindshear
- PH.V.F.R2cTurbulence
- PH.V.F.R3H/V diagram information.
- PH.V.F.R4Go-around.
- PH.V.F.R5Forced landing during the maneuver.
- PH.V.F.R6Landing surface.
- PH.V.F.R7Dynamic rollover.
- PH.V.F.R8Ground resonance.
- PH.V.F.R9Low rotor rpm.
- PH.V.F.R10Loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE).
- PH.V.F.R11Collision hazards.
- PH.V.F.R12Vortex ring state (VRS).
- PH.V.F.R13Aircraft limitations.
- PH.V.F.R14Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.V.F.R15Power requirements versus power available for the departure or arrival profile(s).
- PH.V.G.K1Elements of pinnacle/platform operations.
- PH.V.G.K2Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.
- PH.V.G.K3Suitable takeoff point and departure flight path during climb.
- PH.V.G.K4Situations when a pinnacle/platform approach, landing and takeoff is recommended and factors related to aircraft performance.
- PH.V.G.K5Elements of a high and low reconnaissance.
- PH.V.G.R1Selection of approach path, termination point and departure path based on aircraft performance and limitations, and wind.
- PH.V.G.R2Effects of:
- PH.V.G.R2aWind Direction
- PH.V.G.R2bWindshear
- PH.V.G.R2cTurbulence
- PH.V.G.R3H/V diagram information.
- PH.V.G.R4Go-around.
- PH.V.G.R5Powerplant failure during approach/landing phase of flight.
- PH.V.G.R6Collision hazards.
- PH.V.G.R7Vortex ring state (VRS).
- PH.V.G.R8Landing surface.
- PH.V.G.R9Low rotor rpm.
- PH.V.G.R10Dynamic rollover.
- PH.V.G.R11Ground resonance.
- PH.V.G.R12Loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE).
- PH.V.G.R13Aircraft limitations.
- PH.V.G.R14Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.V.G.R15Main and tail rotor hazards for passengers.
- PH.V.G.R16Forced landing.
- PH.V.H.K1Elements related to shallow approach and running/roll-on landing, including when to use the maneuver, aircraft limitations, and effect of landing surface texture.
- PH.V.H.K2Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.
- PH.V.H.R1Selection of approach path and landing based on aircraft performance and limitations, and wind.
- PH.V.H.R2Effects of:
- PH.V.H.R2aWind Direction
- PH.V.H.R2bWindshear
- PH.V.H.R2cTurbulence, including wake turbulence
- PH.V.H.R3Planning for:
- PH.V.H.R3aPowerplant failure during approach/landing phase of flight
- PH.V.H.R4Collision hazards.
- PH.V.H.R5Landing surface.
- PH.V.H.R6Dynamic rollover.
- PH.V.H.R7Ground resonance.
- PH.V.H.R8Aircraft limitations.
- PH.V.H.R9Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.V.I.K1Elements of a rolling takeoff.
- PH.V.I.K2Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.
- PH.V.I.K3Situations when a rolling takeoff is recommended and factors related to takeoff and climb performance.
- PH.V.I.K4Translational lift.
- PH.V.I.R1Selection of takeoff path based on helicopter performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
- PH.V.I.R2Effects of:
- PH.V.I.R2aWind Direction
- PH.V.I.R2bWindshear
- PH.V.I.R2cTurbulence, including wake turbulence
- PH.V.I.R3Planning for:
- PH.V.I.R3aHeight/Velocity (H/V) considerations
- PH.V.I.R3bRejected takeoff
- PH.V.I.R3cPowerplant failure during takeoff/climb phase of flight
- PH.V.I.R4Collision hazards.
- PH.V.I.R5Takeoff surface.
- PH.V.I.R6Landing gear.
- PH.V.I.R7Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
VI. Performance Maneuvers
- PH.VI.A.K1Purpose of the maneuver.
- PH.VI.A.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions on a rapid deceleration/quick stop.
- PH.VI.A.K3Wind correction techniques during rapid deceleration/quick stop.
- PH.VI.A.R1Recognition of the need for a rapid deceleration/quick stop.
- PH.VI.A.R2Powerplant and rotor management.
- PH.VI.A.R3Vortex ring state (VRS).
- PH.VI.A.R4Collision hazards.
- PH.VI.A.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.VI.B.K1Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.
- PH.VI.B.K2Main rotor (Nr) speed.
- PH.VI.B.K3Energy management.
- PH.VI.B.K4Causes and effects of high descent rates.
- PH.VI.B.K5Effect of varying bank angles, airspeeds, and rotor rpm.
- PH.VI.B.R1Low entry altitudes.
- PH.VI.B.R2Flight control inputs.
- PH.VI.B.R3Turbulence, including wake turbulence.
- PH.VI.B.R4Windshear.
- PH.VI.B.R5Energy management.
- PH.VI.B.R6Main rotor (Nr) speed.
- PH.VI.B.R7Low rotor rpm or rotor stall.
- PH.VI.B.R8Main rotor (Nr) overspeed.
- PH.VI.B.R9Excessive rate of descent.
- PH.VI.B.R10Powerplant failure during the maneuver.
- PH.VI.B.R11Collision hazards.
- PH.VI.B.R12Terminating an autorotation.
- PH.VI.B.R13Power recovery and go-around.
- PH.VI.B.R14Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.VI.C.K1Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.
- PH.VI.C.K2Main rotor (Nr) speed.
- PH.VI.C.K3Energy management.
- PH.VI.C.K4Causes and effects of high descent rates.
- PH.VI.C.K5Effect of varying bank angles, airspeeds, and rotor rpm.
- PH.VI.C.R1Low entry altitudes.
- PH.VI.C.R2Flight control inputs.
- PH.VI.C.R3Turbulence, including wake turbulence.
- PH.VI.C.R4Windshear.
- PH.VI.C.R5Energy management.
- PH.VI.C.R6Main rotor (Nr) speed.
- PH.VI.C.R7Low rotor rpm or rotor stall.
- PH.VI.C.R9Excessive rate of descent.
- PH.VI.C.R10Powerplant failure during the maneuver.
- PH.VI.C.R11Rolling out of the turn.
- PH.VI.C.R12Collision hazards.
- PH.VI.C.R13Terminating an autorotation.
- PH.VI.C.R14Power recovery and go-around.
- PH.VI.C.R15Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
VII. Navigation
- PH.VII.A.K1Pilotage and dead reckoning.
- PH.VII.A.K2Magnetic compass errors.
- PH.VII.A.K3Topography.
- PH.VII.A.K4Selection of appropriate:
- PH.VII.A.K4aRoute
- PH.VII.A.K4bAltitude(s)
- PH.VII.A.K4cCheckpoints
- PH.VII.A.K5Plotting a course, including:
- PH.VII.A.K5aDetermining heading, speed, and course
- PH.VII.A.K5bWind correction angle
- PH.VII.A.K5cEstimating time, speed, and distance
- PH.VII.A.K5dTrue airspeed and density altitude
- PH.VII.A.K6Power setting selection.
- PH.VII.A.K7Planned calculations versus actual results and required corrections.
- PH.VII.A.R1Collision hazards.
- PH.VII.A.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.VII.A.R3Unplanned fuel/power consumption, if applicable.
- PH.VII.B.K1Ground-based navigation (identification, orientation, course determination, equipment, tests, regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, and signal integrity).
- PH.VII.B.K2Satellite-based navigation (e.g., equipment, regulations, authorized use of databases, and Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)).
- PH.VII.B.K3Radar assistance to visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft (e.g., operations, equipment, available services, traffic advisories).
- PH.VII.B.K4Transponder (Mode(s) A, C, and S) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B).
- PH.VII.B.R1Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.
- PH.VII.B.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.VII.B.R3Limitations of the navigation system in use.
- PH.VII.B.R4Loss of a navigation signal.
- PH.VII.B.R5Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.
- PH.VII.C.K1Selecting an alternate destination.
- PH.VII.C.K2Situations that require deviations from flight plan or air traffic control (ATC) instructions.
- PH.VII.C.R1Collision hazards.
- PH.VII.C.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.VII.C.R3Circumstances that would make diversion prudent.
- PH.VII.C.R4Selecting an airport/heliport/helipad, as applicable.
- PH.VII.C.R5Using available resources (e.g., automation, ATC, and flight deck planning aids).
- PH.VII.D.K1Methods to determine position.
- PH.VII.D.K2Assistance available if lost (e.g., radar services, communication procedures).
- PH.VII.D.K3Rapidly deteriorating weather or impending fuel exhaustion.
- PH.VII.D.R1Collision hazards.
- PH.VII.D.R2Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.VII.D.R3Recording times over waypoints.
- PH.VII.D.R4When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
VIII. Emergency Operations
- PH.VIII.A.K1Elements related to powerplant failure in a hover, including energy management concepts.
- PH.VIII.A.K2Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.
- PH.VIII.A.K3High and low inertia of rotor systems.
- PH.VIII.A.K4Aerodynamics associated with powerplant failure in a hover.
- PH.VIII.A.K5Proper orientation, division of attention, and proper planning.
- PH.VIII.A.R1Powerplant failure in a hover.
- PH.VIII.A.R2Flight control inputs.
- PH.VIII.A.R3Helicopter movement.
- PH.VIII.A.R4Dynamic rollover.
- PH.VIII.A.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.VIII.B.K1Elements of a powerplant failure at altitude.
- PH.VIII.B.K2Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.
- PH.VIII.B.K3Main rotor (Nr) speed.
- PH.VIII.B.K4Energy management.
- PH.VIII.B.K5Causes and effects of high descent rates.
- PH.VIII.B.K6Effect of varying bank angles, airspeeds, and rotor rpm.
- PH.VIII.B.R1Low entry altitudes.
- PH.VIII.B.R2Selection of landing area.
- PH.VIII.B.R3Flight control inputs.
- PH.VIII.B.R4Turbulence, including wake turbulence.
- PH.VIII.B.R5Low rotor rpm or rotor stall.
- PH.VIII.B.R6Windshear.
- PH.VIII.B.R7Powerplant failure during the maneuver.
- PH.VIII.B.R8Collision hazards.
- PH.VIII.B.R9Autorotation power-off never-exceed speed (VNE) limitation.
- PH.VIII.B.R10Helicopter trim.
- PH.VIII.B.R11Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.VIII.C.K1Elements of approach and landing with one engine inoperative.
- PH.VIII.C.K2Effects of atmospheric conditions on emergency approach and landing.
- PH.VIII.C.K3Stabilized approach.
- PH.VIII.C.K4Approach and landing profiles and aircraft configuration.
- PH.VIII.C.R1Consideration of altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, and available landing area.
- PH.VIII.C.R2Planning and following a flightpath to the selected landing area.
- PH.VIII.C.R3Collision hazards.
- PH.VIII.C.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.VIII.D.K1Causes of partial or complete power loss related to the specific type of powerplant(s).
- PH.VIII.D.K2System and equipment malfunctions specific to the helicopter, including:
- PH.VIII.D.K2aElectrical malfunction
- PH.VIII.D.K2bFlight instrument malfunctions
- PH.VIII.D.K2cPitot-static system malfunction
- PH.VIII.D.K2dElectronic flight deck display malfunction
- PH.VIII.D.K2eLanding gear malfunctions
- PH.VIII.D.K2fInoperative flight control/trim
- PH.VIII.D.K2gHydraulic failure, if applicable
- PH.VIII.D.K3Various frequency vibrations and the possible components that may be affected.
- PH.VIII.D.K4Causes and remedies for smoke or fire onboard the aircraft.
- PH.VIII.D.K5Any other system malfunction specific to the helicopter flown.
- PH.VIII.D.R1Startle response.
- PH.VIII.D.R2Checklist usage for a system or equipment malfunction.
- PH.VIII.D.R3Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.VIII.D.R4Undesired aircraft state.
- PH.VIII.E.K1Elements of vortex ring state.
- PH.VIII.E.K2Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.
- PH.VIII.E.K3Requirements for the formation of VRS.
- PH.VIII.E.K4Aerodynamics and indications of VRS.
- PH.VIII.E.K5Flight scenarios under which VRS can occur.
- PH.VIII.E.K6Effective recovery techniques.
- PH.VIII.E.R1Pilot recognition and response to VRS.
- PH.VIII.E.R2Entering the maneuver at a lower altitude than planned.
- PH.VIII.E.R3Application of power or exceeding powerplant limitations.
- PH.VIII.E.R4Collision hazards.
- PH.VIII.E.R5Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.VIII.E.R6Loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE).
- PH.VIII.F.K1Elements related to low rotor rpm recovery energy management, including the combination of conditions that may lead to this situation.
- PH.VIII.F.K2Effects of wind, weight, temperature, and density altitude.
- PH.VIII.F.K3Aerodynamics that affect low rotor rpm conditions.
- PH.VIII.F.K4Powerplant performance.
- PH.VIII.F.K5Main rotor (Nr) limitations.
- PH.VIII.F.K6Difference between low rotor rpm and blade stall.
- PH.VIII.F.R1Powerplant limitations.
- PH.VIII.F.R2Powerplant governor operation.
- PH.VIII.F.R3Collision hazards.
- PH.VIII.F.R4Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.VIII.F.R5Low inertia rotor systems.
- PH.VIII.G.K1Elements related to antitorque system failure by describing:
- PH.VIII.G.K1aIndications of an antitorque system failure(s)
- PH.VIII.G.K1bDifferences between complete loss of antitorque and mechanical flight control failures
- PH.VIII.G.K1cRFM procedures for antitorque system(s) failure
- PH.VIII.G.K2Wind conditions that favor a landing with an antitorque failure.
- PH.VIII.G.R1Preflight inspection of the antitorque system.
- PH.VIII.G.R2Antitorque failure(s) for the aircraft supplied for the practical test.
- PH.VIII.G.R3Use of antitorque failure procedures.
- PH.VIII.H.K1Elements related to dynamic rollover.
- PH.VIII.H.K2Interactions between thrust, crosswind, slope, lateral CG, aircraft weight, and flight controls that contribute to dynamic rollover.
- PH.VIII.H.K3Preventive flight technique and recovery during flight operations, including slope operations.
- PH.VIII.H.R1Surface conditions conducive to dynamic rollover.
- PH.VIII.H.R2Landing gear proximity to obstructions on the ground during low altitude hover.
- PH.VIII.H.R3Flight control inputs during takeoff or landing.
- PH.VIII.H.R4Sideward hover.
- PH.VIII.H.R5Aircraft slope limitations.
- PH.VIII.H.R6Critical rollover angle and rolling moment.
- PH.VIII.H.R7Translating tendency.
- PH.VIII.I.K1Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ground resonance by describing:
- PH.VIII.I.K1aConditions that contribute to ground resonance
- PH.VIII.I.K1bPreventive flight technique during takeoffs and landings
- PH.VIII.I.K1cLanding surface
- PH.VIII.I.K2Inspection of items that may contribute to ground resonance.
- PH.VIII.I.K3Corrective actions during low and normal rotor rpm speeds.
- PH.VIII.I.R1Factors that may contribute to the onset of ground resonance.
- PH.VIII.I.R2Recognition of the onset of ground resonance.
- PH.VIII.I.R3Recovery procedure selection.
- PH.VIII.J.K1Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to low G conditions by describing:
- PH.VIII.J.K1aAerodynamic factors related to low G conditions
- PH.VIII.J.K1bSituations that contribute to low G conditions
- PH.VIII.J.K1cAvoidance, recognition, and appropriate recovery procedures
- PH.VIII.J.K2Effects of low G conditions on various rotor systems.
- PH.VIII.J.K3Pilot responses that lead to mast bumping in a low G condition, if applicable.
- PH.VIII.J.R1Control inputs that cause low G conditions.
- PH.VIII.J.R2Turbulence/gusty wind conditions.
- PH.VIII.J.R3Control inputs that cause mast bumping.
- PH.VIII.K.K1Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) operations, limitations, and testing requirements.
- PH.VIII.K.K2Fire extinguisher operations and limitations.
- PH.VIII.K.K3Emergency equipment and survival gear needed for:
- PH.VIII.K.K3aClimate extremes (hot/cold)
- PH.VIII.K.K3bMountainous terrain
- PH.VIII.K.K3cOverwater operations
- PH.VIII.K.R1Survival gear (water, clothing, shelter) for 48 to 72 hours.
IX. Night Operations
- PH.IX.A.K1Physiological aspects of vision related to night flying.
- PH.IX.A.K2Personal equipment essential for night flight.
- PH.IX.A.K3Helicopter equipment and lighting requirements for night operations.
- PH.IX.A.K4Lighting systems identifying airports/heliports/helipads/landing areas, runways, taxiways and obstructions, as well as pilot controlled lighting.
- PH.IX.A.K5Night orientation, navigation, chart reading techniques and methods for maintaining night vision effectiveness.
- PH.IX.A.K6Night taxi operations.
- PH.IX.A.K7Interpretation of traffic position and direction based solely on position lights.
- PH.IX.A.K8Visual illusions at night.
- PH.IX.A.K9Appropriate use of automation, if applicable.
- PH.IX.A.R1Collision hazards.
- PH.IX.A.R2Runway incursion.
- PH.IX.A.R3Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
- PH.IX.A.R4Effect of visual illusions and night adaptation during all phases of night flying.
- PH.IX.A.R5Night currency versus proficiency.
- PH.IX.A.R6Weather considerations specific to night operations.
- PH.IX.A.R7Inoperative equipment.
X. Postflight Procedures
- PH.X.A.K1Helicopter shutdown, securing, and postflight inspection.
- PH.X.A.K2Documenting in-flight/postflight discrepancies.
- PH.X.A.R1Activities and distractions.
- PH.X.A.R2Parking the helicopter in a congested area.
- PH.X.A.R3Airport specific security procedures.
- PH.X.A.R4Disembarking passengers safely on the ramp and monitoring passenger movement while on the ramp.